Uso de cannabidiol para el control de síntomas refractarios en síndromes convulsivos y enfermedades neurodegenerativas / Use of cannabidiol for the control of refractory symptoms in convulsive syndromes and neurodegenerative diseases

Como parte de las terapias alternativas para el control de síntomas refractarios en enfermedades avanzadas destaca el uso de cannabidiol. Este se ha estudiado en patologías como enfermedad de Alzheimer, Parkinson y trastornos convulsivos. Los síndromes convulsivos están presentes en todos los grupos etarios. Dentro de este, la epilepsia es refractaria hasta en un 40 % de los pacientes, quienes han demostrado disminución en la frecuencia de convulsiones con el uso concomitante de cannabidiol y antiepilépticos convencionales, con efectos secundarios leves, como diarrea y somnolencia. Con el objetivo de determinar el uso del cannabidiol para el control de síntomas neurológicos refractarios en pacientes con síndromes convulsivos y enfermedades neurodegenerativas, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed, Scopus y Embase. Se incluyeron metaanálisis, artículos originales, revisiones sistemáticas y bibliográficas, y documentos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, publicados entre 2017 y 2022. Los efectos del cannabidiol lo convierten en una alternativa, adicional a la terapéutica convencional, para el control de síntomas en trastornos neurológicos, disminuyendo de forma sostenida el número total de episodios con un perfil de seguridad aceptable. Existe limitada información respecto al uso de cannabidiol en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, por lo que no se ha evidenciado su efectividad

As part of the alternative therapies for the control of refractory symptoms in advanced diseases, the use of cannabidiol stands out. It has been studied in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and convulsive disorders. Convulsive syndromes are present in all age groups. Within this group, epilepsy is refractory in up to 40 % of patients, who have shown a decrease in the frequency of seizures with the concomitant use of cannabidiol and conventional antiepileptics, with mild side effects such as diarrhea and drowsiness. To determine the use of cannabidiol for the control of refractory neurological symptoms in patients with seizure syndromes and neurodegenerative diseases, a literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Meta-analyses, original articles, systematic and literature reviews, and documents from the Pan American Health Organization, published between 2017 and 2022, were included. The effects of cannabidiol make it an alternative, in addition to conventional therapeutics, for symptom control in neurological disorders, sustainably decreasing the total number of episodes with an acceptable safety profile. There is limited information regarding the use of cannabidiol in neurodegenerative diseases, the reason its effectiveness has not been demonstrated.

Neuroprotective potential of cannabidiol: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications / 中西医结合学报

Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychotropic phytocannabinoid that was once largely disregarded, is currently the subject of significant medicinal study. CBD is found in Cannabis sativa, and has a myriad of neuropharmacological impacts on the central nervous system, including the capacity to reduce neuroinflammation, protein misfolding and oxidative stress. On the other hand, it is well established that CBD generates its biological effects without exerting a large amount of intrinsic activity upon cannabinoid receptors. Because of this, CBD does not produce undesirable psychotropic effects that are typical of marijuana derivatives. Nonetheless, CBD displays the exceptional potential to become a supplementary medicine in various neurological diseases. Currently, many clinical trials are being conducted to investigate this possibility. This review focuses on the therapeutic effects of CBD in managing neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Overall, this review aims to build a stronger understanding of CBD and provide guidance for future fundamental scientific and clinical investigations, opening a new therapeutic window for neuroprotection. Please cite this article as: Tambe SM, Mali S, Amin PD, Oliveira M. Neuroprotective potential of Cannabidiol: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(3): 236-244.

O uso do canabidiol em crianças com epilepsia resistente a medicamento e a diminuição na frequência das crises: revisão rápida / The use of cannabidiol in children with drug-resistant epilepsy and the decrease in the frequency of seizures: quick review

Uso de canabidiol (CDB) medicinal presente no óleo de canabis. Indicação: Tratamento de crianças portadoras de epilepsia refratária resistente a medicação e síndromes graves decorrentes. Pergunta: O uso do canabidiol em crianças com epilepsia resistente a medicamentos apresentaria diminuição na frequência de crises convulsivas? Objetivo: Investigar a eficácia e a segurança do canabidiol, em comparação a placebo, na manutenção da remissão em crianças com epilepsia refratária. Métodos: Revisão rápida de revisões sistemáticas, por meio de buscas bibliográficas realizadas nas bases PUBMED, SCOPUS, BVS, Cochrane Library. Foram utilizadas estratégias de buscas com vocabulário padronizado e avaliação da qualidade metodológica usando o checklist AMSTAR 2. Resultados: Foram selecionadas duas revisões sistemáticas que atendiam aos critérios de elegibilidade. O CDB quando comparado ao placebo reduziu 50% das convulsões para epilepsia refrataria (RR 1.69 [1.20 ­ 2.36]), para a síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut o RR foi 2.98 (IC 95%, 1.83 - 4.85) e para a síndrome de Dravet o RR foi 2.26 (IC 95% ,1.38 - 3.70). O CDB pode resultar em uma diminuição no apetite em dosagens maiores (RR = 2,10, IC 95% [0,96­4,62], embora não apresente diferença de efeito dos grupos comparadores. Conclusão: Duas revisões sistemáticas recentes o CDB quando comparado ao placebo reduziu 50% das convulsões para epilepsia refrataria e síndromes graves. Entretanto, existem poucos ensaios clínicos publicados na área

: Use of cannabidiol (CBD) present in cannabis oil. Indication: Treatment of children with drug-resistant refractory epilepsy and severe syndromes resulting. Question: Would the use of cannabidiol in children with drug-resistant epilepsy lead to a decrease in seizure frequency? Objective: to investigate the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol, compared to placebos, in maintaining remission in children with refractory epilepsy. Methods: Rapid review of systematic reviews, through a bibliographical search carried out in the PUBMED, SCOPUS, BVS, Cochrane Library databases. Predefined search strategies were followed, and the methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the AMSTAR 2 tool. Results: Two systematic reviews were selected, which met the eligibility criteria. CBD when compared to placebo reduce 50% of seizures for refractory epilepsy (RR 1.69, IC 95% [1.20 ­ 2.36]), for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome the RR was foi 2.98 (IC 95%, 1.83 - 4.85) and for Dravet Syndrome o RR FOI 2.26 (IC 95% ,1.38 - 3.70). CBD may result in appetite decrease using high doses (RR = 2.10, 95% IC [0.96­ 4.62], with no statistical difference. Conclusion: Two recent systematics, CBD, when compared to placebo, presented 50% of seizures for refractory epilepsy and severe syndromes. However, there are few clinical trials published in the area

Experimental acute anti-inflammatory activity of preparations with complexed cannabidiol in carriers

Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD) is a bioactive compound with promising anti-inflammatory results but has low aqueous solubility. Complexation of drugs with this characteristic in carriers is an alternative to improve their efficiency. This study aimed to prepare and characterize CBD complexes in different carriers, and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of such preparations using an experimental model of edema induction in rat paws. The results were compared to a reference drug, ibuprofen (IBU). The carriers evaluated were beta cyclodextrin (bCD) and activated charcoal (AC). Quantification of the drugs in the complexes was determined, and different qualitative analyses were also performed. Oral treatments in single doses with CBD showed inhibitory effects similar to that of IBU, potentiating its bioactivity without significant adverse effects. CBD*bCD doses at 4.375, 8.75, 17.5, and 35 mg/kg significantly reduced the intensity of edema compared to equivalent doses of pure bioactive. In contrast, CBD*AC did not generate benefits. There was no significant inhibitory effect on myeloperoxidase activity, requiring more specific analyses to assess this parameter. The results suggest that the CBD*bCD complexation is perfectly feasible, increasing its anti-edematogenic efficacy in the experimental model used.

Uso del cannabis medicinal en niños con encefalopatías epilépticas farmacorresistentes. Experiencia en Hospital Garrahan / Use of medicinal cannabis in children with drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathies. Experience at Garrahan Hospital

Objetivo: Reportamos resultados sobre la efectividad, seguridad y tolerancia del cannabidiol como adyuvante terapéutico en pacientes pediátricos con encefalopatías epilépticas del desarrollo (EED) resistentes al tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico tras un seguimiento promedio de 20 meses. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo para evaluar la eficacia, la seguridad y la tolerancia del aceite de cannabis medicinal enriquecido con CBD añadido a los medicamentos anticonvulsivos estándar en niños con EED resistentes a los medicamentos atendidos en un único centro. Resultados: Entre octubre de 2018 y marzo de 2020, se incluyeron 59 pacientes. La edad media en el momento del inicio del protocolo fue de 10,5 años (rango, 2-17 años). La mediana de la duración del tratamiento fue de 20 meses (rango, 12-32). La mediana de edad en el momento de la primera convulsión fue de 8 meses (rango, 1 día - 10 años). Al final del seguimiento, el 78% de los niños tenía una disminución ≥ 50% en frecuencia de las crisis y el 47,5% tenía una disminución > 75%. Siete pacientes (11,9%) estaban libres de convulsiones. El número de crisis se redujo de una mediana de 305/mes a 90/mes, que supone una reducción media del 57% y una mediana del 71% (p < 0,0001). Los efectos adversos fueron en su mayoría leves o moderados. El CBD se interrumpió en 17 pacientes (28,8%) por falta de respuesta al tratamiento, aumento de la frecuencia de las convulsiones, intolerancia al fármaco o cumplimiento terapéutico insuficiente. Conclusión: En los niños con EED resistentes a los fármacos, el tratamiento a largo plazo del cannabis medicinal enriquecido con CBD como terapia adyuvante resultó ser seguro, bien tolerado y eficaz. Las reducciones sostenidas en la frecuencia de las convulsiones y la mejora de los aspectos de la vida diaria se observaron en comparación con nuestros preliminares (AU)

Objective: We report results on the effectiveness, safety, and tolerance of cannabidiol (CBD) as add-on therapy in children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) resistant to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment after a mean follow-up of 20 months. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of CBD-enriched medical cannabis oil added to standard antiseizure medications in children with drug-resistant DEEs seen at a single center. Results: Between October 2018 and March 2020, 59 patients were included. The median age at protocol initiation was 10.5 years (range, 2-17 years). Median treatment duration was 20 months (range, 12-32). The median age at the time of the first seizure was 8 months (range, 1 day - 10 years). At the end of follow-up, 78% of the children had a decrease ≥ 50% in seizure frequency and 47.5% had a decrease of > 75%. Seven patients (11.9%) were seizure free. The number of seizures was reduced from a median of 305/month to 90/month, accounting for a mean reduction of 57% and a median of 71% (p < 0.0001). Adverse effects were mostly mild or moderate. CBD was discontinued in 17 patients (28.8%) due to lack of response to treatment, increased seizure frequency, drug intolerance, or poor compliance. Conclusion: In children with drug-resistant DEE, long-term treatment with CBD-enriched medicinal cannabis as add-on therapy proved to be safe, well tolerated, and effective. Sustained reductions in seizure frequency and improvement in aspects of daily living were observed compared to our preliminary results (AU)

Cannabidiol para la epilepsia resistente a fármacos en Argentina: evaluación de tecnología sanitaria / Cannabidiol for drug-resistant epilepsy in Argentina: health technology assessment

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cannabidiol (CBD), un derivado de la planta de cannabis, está autorizado como especialidad medicinal para su comercialización en Argentina y otros países con el fin de tratar la epilepsia resistente a fármacos. Se encuentran en estudio otras potenciales indicaciones. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una evaluación de tecnología sanitaria para la Comisión Nacional de Evaluación de Tecnologías de Salud (CONETEC) sobre CBD para epilepsia resistente a fármacos en Argentina. RESULTADOS: Se describen aspectos legales, regulatorios y económicos, las evidencias disponibles sobre eficacia y seguridad en epilepsia y el impacto presupuestario. DISCUSIÓN: La evaluación pone de manifiesto una serie de desafíos para el sistema de salud argentino, relacionados con el mercado del CBD para la epilepsia en el país, su tamaño, los distintos actores y su comportamiento. Se indaga acerca de la estructura de costos, los márgenes de ganancia, y se mencionan algunas estrategias que fueron puestas en práctica por la industria farmacéutica en Argentina y otros países. Se discute el impacto de la competencia en los precios y se describen potenciales herramientas del Estado para la regulación como el uso de precios de referencia internacionales, la evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y las compras mancomunadas, así como la articulación con productores nacionales y actores internacionales.

INTRODUCTION: Cannabidiol (CBD), a derivative of the cannabis plant, is authorized as a medicinal product for sale in Argentina and other countries for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Other potential indications are under study. METHODS: A health technology assessment was conducted for CONETEC (National Commission for Health Technology Assessment), analyzing CBD for drug-resistant epilepsy in Argentina. RESULTS: Legal, regulatory and economic aspects are described as well as the available evidence on efficacy and safety in epilepsy, and the budget impact. DISCUSSION: The assessment highlights a series of challenges for the Argentine health system, related to the CBD market for epilepsy, its size, the different actors, and their behavior. Inquiries are made about cost structure and profit margins, mentioning some strategies that were put into practice by the pharmaceutical industry in Argentina and other countries. The impact of competition on prices is discussed, and potential State tools for price regulation like the use of international reference prices, health technology assessment and joint purchases, as well as articulation with national producers and international actors are described.

Unexpected improvement of hyperhidrosis with cannabidiol

ABSTRACT Hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating and it affects almost 5% of the population. The affected age group is wide, and it can affect from children to elderlies. There are two types of hyperhidrosis: generalized and focal. Treatment depends on the symptoms presented. In more severe cases, radiofrequency sympatholysis and bilateral thoracic sympathectomy are the options. However, recurrence is possible or the postoperative appearance of conditions called compensatory hyperhidrosis or reflex hyperhidrosis. We describe two cases of patients treated with Cannabidiol who had significant and unexpected improvement of hyperhidrosis. The first patient received Cannabidiol specific for public presentations at work, and the second patient had a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. The hyperhidrosis improved in both patients immediately after using Cannabidiol.

Medical cannabis and cannabidiol: A new harvest for Malawi

In February 2020 parliament passed the Cannabis Regulation Bill (2020) which regulates the cultivation and production of industrial hemp and medical cannabis. The country will only fully benefit from this development if the medical and scientific community can take the lead in enabling the country to exploit the plant's potential to help address some of our economic and public health challenges. This special communication provides some basic information on cannabis and discusses its history and medical uses. Cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as one of the most important cannabis-derived phytochemicals and has formed the basis for the growth of the medical cannabis industry. The scientific data on the mechanisms of the effects of CBD on the human neuroendocrine-immune network is reviewed and the first effective cannabis-based FDA-approved treatment for epilepsy discussed. Some clinical research that is being done on the antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties of CBD is also reviewed. A case is made for the potential of CBD as a neuroprotective adjunctive therapy for the prevention of neuropsychological sequelae associated with complicated malaria. The safety profile of CBD is reviewed and finally, the potential importance of the re-medicalization of cannabis-based therapies for the broader field of phytomedicine is pointed out

Cultivation and breeding of industrial Cannabis sativa / 中国中药杂志

Cannabis sativa,with a long history of cultivation, is a traditional industrial crop widely used for food, textiles, and me-dicine. This study discussed industrial C. sativa and medicinal C. sativa. According to the characteristics of management policies of C. sativa in different periods, we divided the development stages of C. sativa into three stages and analyzed the changes in breeding and cultivation goals under the influence of policies. Meanwhile, a comprehensive analysis was carried out based on the breeding conditions of industrial C. sativa in China. Because of the vast territory of China, the differences in agricultural planting environment, economic development, and social development in the southern and northern areas result in different used parts of C. sativa. To be speci-fic, flowers and leaves are used in Yunnan, fiber in Heilongjiang, and seeds in Shanxi. The breeding of C. sativa varieties highlights fiber, seeds, or both of them. As the value of cannabidiol is explored, medicinal C. sativa has been approved in recent years. Based on the cultivation characteristics and value of industrial C. sativa, it is proposed that industrial C. sativa has a broad application prospect as an important industrial crop, and the existing products contain almost no tetrahydrocannabinol. The cultivation of C. sativa should be rationally guided to promote the development of the C. sativa industry. Moreover, it is recommended to actively apply advanced breeding techniques such as molecular breeding to overcome the problems of the uncertainty of the existing induced breeding and the excessively long hybrid breeding cycle, and develop high value-added applications such as medicinal products of C. sativa to enhance the exploitation of the economic value of C. sativa.

Cannabidiol prevents depressive-like behaviors through the modulation of neural stem cell differentiation / 医学前沿

Chronic stress impairs radial neural stem cell (rNSC) differentiation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), whereas promoting AHN can increase stress resilience against depression. Therefore, investigating the mechanism of neural differentiation and AHN is of great importance for developing antidepressant drugs. The nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to be effective against depression. However, whether CBD can modulate rNSC differentiation and hippocampal neurogenesis is unknown. Here, by using the chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model, we showed that hippocampal rNSCs mostly differentiated into astrocytes under stress conditions. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that the FoxO signaling pathway was involved in the regulation of this process. The administration of CBD rescued depressive-like symptoms in CRS mice and prevented rNSCs overactivation and differentiation into astrocyte, which was partly mediated by the modulation of the FoxO signaling pathway. These results revealed a previously unknown neural mechanism for neural differentiation and AHN in depression and provided mechanistic insights into the antidepressive effects of CBD.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of crack-cocaine craving: an exploratory double-blind study

Objective: To assess the efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD) in the management of crack-cocaine craving and the treatment of frequent withdrawal symptoms. Methods: Thirty-one men with a diagnosis of crack-cocaine dependence were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We applied neuropsychological tests and assessed craving intensity, anxiety and depression symptoms, and substance use patterns at baseline and at the end of the trial. The participants were treated with CBD 300 mg/day or placebo for 10 days. During this period, we used a technique to induce craving and assessed the intensity of symptoms before and after the induction procedure. Results: Craving levels reduced significantly over the 10 days of the trial, although no differences were found between the CBD and placebo groups. Craving induction was successful in both groups, with no significant differences between them. Indicators of anxiety, depression, and sleep alterations before and after treatment also did not differ across groups. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this trial, CBD was unable to interfere with symptoms of crack-cocaine withdrawal. Further studies with larger outpatient samples involving different doses and treatment periods would be desirable and timely to elucidate the potential of CBD to induce reductions in crack-cocaine self-administration.

Utilización de Cannabidiol en un paciente pediátrico con tras-torno del espectro autista y epilepsia: informe de un caso / Cannabidiol use in a pediatric patient with autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy: case report / Uso de Canabidiol em paciente pediátrico com transtorno do espectro do autismo e epilepsia: relato de caso

Introducción: El trastorno del espectro autista constituye un desorden neuropsiquiátrico caracterizado por dificultades en la interacción y comunicación social, al que se asocian actividades e intereses restrictivos y estereotipados. Los medicamentos psicofarmacológicos convencionales suelen ir dirigidos al tratamiento de las conductas asociadas, pero no tratan los déficits centrales del TEA. Caso clínico: Niño de 3 años que acude a consulta de neuropediatría por retraso en la adquisición de lenguaje y conductas inapropiadas para la edad que son compatibles con manifestaciones de TEA; además al realizar el estudio electroencefalograma se evidencian descargas paroxísticas que coinciden con episodios de desconexión del medio. Padres deciden el uso de CBD además de iniciar un programa de intervención terapéutica psicomotora, conductual y fonoaudiológica. Evolución: Tras un año de intervención y seguimiento se evidenciaron avances significativos en el control de las crisis y mejoría en las capacidades empáticas, adaptativas y relacionales. Tolera de mejor manera los espacios cerrados, sigue órdenes y rutinas sencillas. El terapista indica grandes avances y termina su primer año de escolarización con logros significativos. El estudio EEG en mejores condiciones con respecto a los anteriores, con una actividad de base mejor estructurada y disminución de la actividad epileptógena frontal. Conclusión: Este reporte de caso refuerza la idea de que la intervención terapéutica temprana y la utilización de cannabidiol como terapia añadida puede ser capaz de ayudar en el control de las crisis en la epilepsia y también a disminuir los síntomas conductuales relacionados con el trastorno del espectro autista. Se requiere más investigación para dilucidar la efectividad del cannabidiol en los TEA.

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are made up a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, associate with restrictive and stereotyped activities and interests. Conventional psychopharmacological medications are usually directed to the treatment of associated behaviours but do not treat the core deficits of ASD. Clinical case: A 3-year-old boy attended for delayed language acquisition and age inappropriate behaviours compatible with manifestations of ASD; in addition, an electroen-cephalogram showed paroxysmal discharges coinciding with episodes of disconnection from the environment. Parents decided to use cannabidiol and to start a psychomotor, behavioural, and speech therapy intervention program. Evolution: After one year of intervention and follow-up, were evidenced significant advances in seizures control and improvement in empathic, adaptive, and relational skills. He tolerates closed spaces better, follows orders and simple routines. The therapist indicates great pro-gress, and he finishes his first year of schooling with significant achievements. EEG study in better conditions than previous ones, with a better-structured baseline activity and de-creased frontal epileptogenic activity. Conclusion: This case report reinforces the idea that early therapeutic intervention and the use of cannabidiol as an add-on therapy may be able to aid in seizure control in epilepsy and decrease behavioural symptoms related to autism spectrum disorder. Further research is needed to elucidate the effectiveness of cannabidiol in ASD.

Introdução: O transtorno do espectro autista é um transtorno neuropsiquiátrico caracterizado por dificuldades de interação e comunicação social, ao qual estão associados atividades e interesses restritivos e estereotipados. Os medicamentos psicofarmacológicos convencionais geralmente têm como objetivo o tratamento de comportamentos associados, mas não tratam os déficits centrais do TEA. Caso clínico: Menino de 3 anos que procurou uma clínica neurológica pediátrica por atraso na aquisição da linguagem e comportamentos inadequados para a idade compatíveis com manifestações de TEA; Além disso, na realização do estudo eletroencefalograma, evidenciam-se descargas paroxísticas que coincidem com episódios de desconexão do meio ambiente. Os pais decidem usar o CBD, além de iniciar um programa de intervenção psicomotora, comportamental e fonoaudiológica. Evolução: Após um ano de intervenção e acompanhamento, foram evidenciados avanços significativos no controle das crises e melhora nas capacidades empáticas, adaptativas e relacionais. Tolera melhor espaços fechados, segue comandos e rotinas simples. O terapeuta indica grande progresso e termina o primeiro ano de escola com conquistas significativas. Estudo do EEG em melhores condições em relação aos anteriores, com atividade de base mais bem estruturada e diminuição da atividade epileptogênica frontal. Conclusão: Este relato de caso reforça a ideia de que a intervenção terapêutica precoce e o uso de canabidiol como terapia adjuvante podem ajudar no controle das crises epilépticas e também diminuir os sintomas comportamentais relacionados ao transtorno do espectro do autismo. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para elucidar a eficácia do canabidiol em ASDs.

El cannabidiol y sus indicaciones en psiquiatría / Cannabidiol and its indications in psychiatry / Canabidiol e suas indicações em psiquiatria

Esta revisión abarca la historia, el origen, la síntesis biológica del cannabidiol (CBD), su interacción con el sistema de cannabinoides endógenos, las presentaciones para uso clínico, su farmacocinética, tolerabilidad y la evidencia actual de los usos en psiquiatría. Además del origen de su nombre y las precisiones de la taxonomía botánica de la cannabis, es de interés conocer a partir de estudios de polen fósil la cronología y ruta que siguió ancestralmente hasta la llegada a Europa y cómo allí se inició su estudio con la idea de introducirla en la farmacopea del momento y como modelo de estudio de trastornos cerebrales como las psicosis. Jacques Joseph Moreau de Tours (1804-1884), psiquiatra francés, la usó en forma de hachís y propició el consumo experimental por intelectuales de la época. Basado en la presunción de que intelectuales e individuos con una educación eran sujetos de estudio que podían proveer relatos más detallados y floridos de las experiencias vividas bajo sus efectos, Moreau de Tours concibió por primera vez que los efectos de la cannabis eran un paradigma experimental para el estudio de las psicosis. Luego experimentó su uso terapéutico con resultados negativos. En el caso del CBD, extraído de la cannabis, la psiquiatría contemporánea podría vislumbrar resultados más promisorios a través de la investigación clínica en diferentes indicaciones

This review covers the history, origin, and biological synthesis of Cannabidiol (CBD), together with its interaction with the endogenous cannabinoid system, its options for clinical use, its pharmacokinetics, its tolerability, and current evidence for indications in psychiatry. In addition to the origin of its name and the details of the botanical taxonomy of cannabis, it is a matter of interest to review fossil pollen studies to help us trace the chronology and route that it followed until it got to be known in Europe, and how was included in the pharmacological studies of the time, with the aim to use it as a model for studying brain disorders such as psychoses. French psychiatrist Jacques Joseph Moreau de Tours (1804-1884) used it in the form of hashish and encouraged its experimental consumption by intellectuals and famous artists of the time, who were then asked to provide detailed descriptions of their experiences under the effects of cannabis. Moreau de Tours was the first to conceive that the effects of cannabis were an experimental paradigm for the study of psychoses. He went on to experiment its therapeutic use with negative results. In the case of CBD, extracted from cannabis, contemporary psychiatry could foresee more promising results in its therapeutic effects through clinical research in different indications.

Esta revisão cobre a história, origem, síntese biológica do canabidiol (CBD), sua interação com o sistema canabinoide endógeno, apresentações para uso clínico, sua farmacocinética, tolerabilidade e evidências atuais de uso em psiquiatria. Além da origem do seu nome e dos detalhes da taxonomia botânica da cannabis, é interessante saber pelos estudos do pólen fóssil a cronologia e o percurso que ele percorreu ancestralmente até chegar à Europa e como começou seu estudo com a ideia lá para introduzi-lo na farmacopeia do momento e como um modelo para estudar distúrbios cerebrais como as psicoses. Jacques Joseph Moreau de Tours (1804-1884), psiquiatra francês, utilizou-o na forma de haxixe e estimulou o consumo experimental pelos intelectuais da época. Com base na suposição de que intelectuais e indivíduos educados eram sujeitos de estudo que poderiam fornecer relatos mais detalhados e floreados de experiências sob sua influência, Moreau de Tours primeiro concebeu que os efeitos da cannabis eram um paradigma experimental para o estudo das psicoses. Ele então experimentou seu uso terapêutico com resultados negativos. No caso do CBD, extraído da cannabis, a psiquiatria contemporânea poderia ver resultados mais promissores por meio de pesquisas clínicas em diferentes indicações.

Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review / Efeitos ansiolíticos e antidepressivos do canabidiol: uma revisão sistemática

Objetctive: Realize a systematic review on articles about cannabidiol (CBD) as an anxiolytic and antidepressant drug. Methodology: A systematic review in PubMed, Science Direct and PsycINFO databases taking into consideration articles published in English and Portuguese from 2008 to 2018 with animal experimentation. Results: Eleven articles with experimental studies on animals were included. All studies exhibited anxiolytic and antidepressant activities after CBD use. Conclusion: It was proven by several experiments the anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of CBD, however there is still a need of more preclinicals and clinicals studies to elucidate its mechanisms.

Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática de artigos sobre o canabidiol (CBD) como ansiolítico e antidepressivo. Metodos: Revisão sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e PsycINFO considerando artigos publicados em inglês e português de 2008 a 2018 com experimentação animal. Resultados: Onze artigos com estudos experimentais em animais foram incluídos. Todos os estudos exibiram atividades ansiolíticas e antidepressivas após o uso de CBD. Conclusão: Foi comprovada por diversos experimentos a atividade ansiolítica e antidepressiva do CBD, porém ainda há necessidade de mais estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos para elucidar seus mecanismos.

Uso dos canabinóides no tratamento de pessoas portadoras de Alzheimer / Use of cannabinoids in the treatment of persons with Alzheimer / Uso de cannabinoides en el tratamiento de personas con alzheimer

Objetivo: descrever a experiência de familiares/cuidadores de pessoas portadoras da doença de Alzheimer que estejam fazendo uso do canabidiol como forma de tratamento por intermédio do Instituto Acalme (Associação Canabis Luz Medicinal). Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de método descritivo por meio de entrevista com o familiar ou cuidador de pessoa com a doença, que estejam em tratamento há mais de 6 meses. Resultados: Diante dos dados coletados, foi possível detectar que o uso do canabidiol como terapêutica ainda não é muito esclarecido, fazendo com que o tratamento se torne de difícil acesso em vários aspectos. Conclusão: Para a saúde esse estudo é relevante para que se possa entender um pouco mais sobre o tema visto que é uma terapêutica que vem crescendo a cada ano.

Objective: to describe the experience of family members/caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease who are using cannabidiol as a form of treatment through the Acalme Institute (Association Cannabis Medicinal Light). Method: This is a qualitative research of descriptive method through interviews with the family member or caregiver of a person with the disease, who have been in treatment for more than 6 months. Results: Given the data collected, it was possible to detect that the use of cannabidiol as therapy is not yet very clear, making the treatment difficult to access in several aspects. Conclusion: For health this study is relevant so that one can understand a little more about the subject since it is a therapy that has been

Objetivo: describir la experiencia de familiares/cuidadores de personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer que están utilizando cannabidiol como forma de tratamiento a través del Instituto Acalme (Asociación Cannabis Medicinal Light). Método: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa de método descriptivo a través de entrevistas con el familiar o cuidador de una persona con la enfermedad, que llevan más de 6 meses en tratamiento. Resultados: Dados los datos recogidos, fue posible detectar que el uso del cannabidiol como terapia aún no está muy claro, lo que dificulta el acceso al tratamiento en varios aspectos. Conclusión: Para la salud este estudio es relevante para que uno pueda entender un poco más sobre el tema ya que es una terapia que ha ido creciendo cada año